Adaptations and Marketing Strategies Used by Oil Firms in Nigeria

Presentation Nigeria has plans for expanding the creation of oil to around 40 million. Nigeria is the main oil creating nation in Africa and is positioned the seventh universally (NNPC 2004).The government target accomplishing half of the constituents in oil by 2010.Oil and other characteristic recourses are viewed as national assets.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Adaptations and Marketing Strategies Used by Oil Firms in Nigeria explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, research shows this isn't correct if there should be an occurrence of Nigeria. Birdsall and Subramanian (2004, p.77) clarify that many creating nations wealthy in normal assets and oil have a for each capita pay that is under 1 dollar for every day. Such nations have unexpected frailty records, high baby death rates, miscreant hope and elevated levels of proficiency. They further clarify that the vacillations in global costs bring about risky financial cycles that make it hard for the administration to get ready for improvement particularly, in the event that they utilize their cash admirably during times of monetary blast and run dry when there is a fall in oil costs bringing about a financial bust. As indicated by Birdsall and Subramanian (2004, p.84), there is a Dutch sickness when assets are found that makes the economy solid. The money becomes solid which brings about items being costly in the worldwide market that prompts less income and low fare. This causes the economy to experience the ill effects of financial droop. There are deficiently solid political and financial organizations in nations wealthy in assets. Analysts further show that nations that have assets like oil ought to receive promoting systems to enhance their presentation (Obadina 2003, p.11). Oil is the main mineral delivered in Nigeria. It is to a great extent built up in the Niger Delta that is comprised of Ondo and Imo states, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa and Delta states. Oil investigati on in Nigeria started in 1938. Today, Nigeria is the main oil maker and exporter in Africa. Oil gives 70% of Nigeria’s outside trade. Nigeria represents 25 billion barrels out of the 66 billion barrels saved by Africa. Nonetheless, Nigeria has more oil and gas stores yet this has brought about negative effects thus making the investigation of oil a revile instead of a blessing.Advertising Looking for thesis on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This examination has an aim of extending the utilization of promoting procedures to enhance the presentation of oil industry in Nigeria. To accomplish destinations and objectives that have been set by the association, an association should execute and structure different promoting techniques. Different creators see advertising techniques in different points of view for example: It is viewed as a framework to design, advance, produce, and uber showcase thoughts, administrations, and merchandise that are appropriate to customers and clients. It has been distinguished that Nigerians oil delivering organizations were not enterprising and this was credited to a few elements: Inadequate prepared labor, poor advancement of foundation, and insufficient funding to utilize advertising methodologies in their oil organizations. Issue Statement Some oil firms in Nigeria have been encountering low deals from the offer of oil. Nigerians through involve Nigeria are challenging the evacuation of the appropriation asserting that this will influence the individuals of Nigeria, for example, there may be a climbing of costs that will bring about a proportionate increment in the expense of creation of administrations and merchandise that will later be moved to the network, prompting high paces of expansion. They guarantee that before the evacuation of the endowment, the ascent in the expense of creation continued as before. The results of this examina tion will empower future exploration here, just as will recognize the methodologies of advertising that will be utilized by oil firms in Nigeria and the effects of the showcasing techniques used to enhance the offer of oil. Reason for the Study The point of this exploration is to investigate key administration as an approach to progress for oil firms in Nigeria. Most of examination that has been completed centered around the natural impacts of oil investigation and misuse. Despite the fact that misuse of oil in Nigeria has brought about unfavorable positive effects on the economy of Nigeria, much must be investigated about advertising procedures utilized by oil firms in Nigeria to showcase oil items. Points and Objective of the Study These goals are defined for the current investigation to be completed: To assess the showcasing methodologies utilized by oil firms in Nigeria to Market their items. To assess an oil firm that has profited by the utilization of showcasing procedures in advertising of oil. To evaluate the proficiency of the showcasing systems in advertising of oil in Nigeria Research Questions This examination will address the accompanying questions:Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Adaptations and Marketing Strategies Used by Oil Firms in Nigeria explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More What are a portion of the promoting techniques utilized in showcasing of oil items in Nigeria? What is the adequacy of the utilization of these systems in improving oil execution? Which oil firm has profoundly profited by the utilization of these techniques? Writing survey The extension of oil delivering organizations in Nigeria is in connection with factors influencing rivalry. The development in organizations for oil items in Nigeria isn't in connection with the expansion in attention to gas and oil administrations to the intrigued customers with regards to the general population. The oil business in Nigeria ids accepted to hav e a sort of corporate execution for as long as years to accomplish a noteworthy piece of the overall industry (Okwor 1992, p.8). There re different meanings of promoting methodologies reflecting different viewpoints (Li et al 2000, p.6). Advertising methodology empower an organization to use assets of an association in order to accomplish its points and targets. This will include the utilization of natural factors and showcasing blend (Li et al 2000 p.20). The motivation behind promoting technique is to discover the quality, nature, and the connection between the ecological factors and showcasing blend in a specific conditions (Jain and Punj 1997, p.37). As per McDonald (1992, p.37), the point of the showcasing technique in an association is to protect, construct, keep up, and set up its upper hand. The improvement of a showcasing system requires the accompanying: It needs one to have concentrated information on the business. It expects chiefs to have judgment, instinct and experien ce (Brownlie Spender 1990, p.42). One ought to have wide data about key administration (Berry, 1997). This examination will decide key administration utilized by the oil businesses in Nigeria, the impact of environmental elements on the advertising techniques and the proficiency of these showcasing methodologies. There are a few advertising apparatuses that can be utilized by advertisers in showcasing their items for example: megamarketing (Kortler 1996, p.11), and the 4Ps of promoting. Numerous chiefs utilize the promoting idea to perform different administrations of a firm (Kotler Connor 1997, p.15). Showcasing is a significant perspective that encourages numerous associations to accomplish their objectives and manage difficulties confronting the business association (Kotler Connor 1997, p.15). As per Brownlie and Spender (2005, p.38) vital showcasing includes making inclinations. The technique is utilized to push chiefs to in accomplishing their strategies and objectives. Woodwar d (2004) states that vital administration is a procedure of estimating the future and concocting suitable strategies to empower one accomplish his objectives. Strategy The exploration technique that will be utilized for this examination is a cross sectional overview. I picked this technique since it can deal with a huge populace. This overview technique will be utilized to evaluate the capacity of vital showcasing in the endurance and development of oil firms in Nigeria so as to achieve the ideal results. I will pick 350 respondents from the objective populace of 2500 individuals through arbitrary sampling.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More We will likewise utilize surveys to gather data from representatives of oil organizations in Nigeria. The partners to be met include: workers of oil firms in Nigeria, pioneers and inhabitants of other oil organizations in the nation (Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team 1999, p.288). I will introduce information that I will break down by utilization of recurrence tables, expressive insights, connection coefficients, and investigation of difference. Elucidating measurements will assist me with analyzing the highlights of the populace as appeared by the example. It will likewise show if the showcasing procedures utilized were compelling in the oil businesses in Nigeria. The objective populace for my examination is workers of oil creating organizations in Nigeria. An Overview of the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited Shell Company began its business in Nigeria in the year 1937 and procured a permit of activity in 1938. It found its first oil field in 1958 at Oloi biri in Niger Delta and began to send out oil in 1958 (Oshineye 2000, p.23). It is the biggest petroleum product organization in Nigeria. Its significant movement is investigation of oil and physical creation. The investigation of gas and unrefined petroleum by the shell organization in Nigeria has different exercises that incorporate the utilization of explosives and dynamites. Explosives are generally detonated from the earth through dry land and water bodies. This straightforwardly influences fauna and oceanic life (Prince 1993, p.230). It is guaranteed that the abuse of oil by this organization

Romeo Essays (1087 words) - Rodham Family, Bill Clinton,

Romeo As cited by Hamlet in the play by William Shakespeare, To be or not to be, that is the question(Fetzer 360). When regarding the matter of President Clinton, some would prefer he not be than to be. Some look downward on him in light of ongoing allegations against him concerning him having a sexual relationship with somebody other than his better half and afterward lying about not partaking in any of his charged dirty tricks. The entire experience has disturbed numerous guardians about how their youngsters will respond to all that is going on about the Clinton embarrassment, yet at the same time a few guardians discover it as an instructive and to some degree productive exercise to show their kids. The Presidency is a profoundly good undertaking and the President has disrespected his office. As pioneer of the free world, it is his obligation to set a genuine model. To little shock, there are a few nations that are maddened by the manner in which the President has taken care of himself of late. The Clinton embarrassment is allowing guardians to have genuine converses with their kids, defending the demonstration of lying in the psyches of youngsters, and giving nations motivation to look downward on the United States. Because of President Clinton's activities concerning these claims, there have been three significant and clear effects on the present society. To begin with, the outrage is allowing guardians to plunk down and have genuine talks with their kids. Youngsters are keen on finding out about what is new with the President and why he is in a tough situation, so guardians discover this as an advantageous time to discuss lying and lying's intense outcomes. As expressed by Chuck Green, I composed that guardians can refer to no better model than Bill Clinton not for instance of pulling off lying however for instance of its consequences(Green n.pag.). The issue with this is guardians in some cases get into a tight spot when they don't have the foggiest idea what to tell their kids, however Chuck Green answers by saying, Just come clean with your children - that lying doesn't pay, regardless of whether you are the President. At some point or another, you'll pay a substantial price(Green n.pag). Lying isn't the main significant issue that the President's issues have brought to numerous guardians' consideration. Sex has become another iss ue that guardians can talk about with their youngsters in light of the ongoing embarrassments. A great deal of guardians decide not to inform their youngsters regarding sexual intercourse, however the outrage nearly compels them to discuss it. Mr. Clinton's difficulties likewise are calling guardians out with regards to clarifying sex, which is a decent thing(MacDonald n.pag.). At the point when gotten some information about her opinion of the Clinton embarrassment, Amy McMahon said that, She and different guardians and specialists say that conversations with kids regarding the President's on going issues may verge on 'disagreeable' and 'sickening'. A few, however, consider it to be a chance to discuss family esteems, proper and unseemly practices and what happens when individuals get into trouble(MacDonald n.pag.). Sex is a piece of everybody's life, and it has the need to be examined with a youngster in the long run; this improper circumstance takes into account a decent conversat ion around there. Next, in the brains of youngsters, the President's lying has fundamentally defended the demonstration of lying. Kids consider the To be as a good example, which they gaze upward to and here and there mimic in activities. A kid said of the President, He can't lie like all of us, 'cause he's a job model(Shales n.pag.). In the event that children discover the President as a good example and they see and know about the President doing these awful things, it may get imbedded in their minds that what the President has done is all right(Hoover n.pag.). Taking a gander at the circumstance from another stance, some may state that they see the President doing terrible things then they will gain from his mix-ups, correct? That isn't accurate. Guardians have attempted to instruct their kids directly from wrong and they have consistently advised them to get a good example to gaze upward to. On the off chance that the President is a good example thus numerous children admire him, at that point the y will think what he is doing

Argumentative Essay Topics

Argumentative Essay TopicsWriting an argumentative essay is not easy, especially if you are not accustomed to essay writing. But with some common sense and a lot of practice, you will get the hang of it eventually. In this article I am going to share with you some of the main argumentative essay topics that you can use when you are writing.Before I delve deeper into political issues, let's have a look at what a political debate is. A political debate is just what it sounds like. It is a debate between two political parties. The topic is chosen by the host of the debate's moderator, or moderator can pick a topic for the debate as well.The topics vary between debates but almost always involve two sides of political arguments. So, let's say that you are writing an argumentative essay about the Georgia election, or in any other subject, the topic should be one side of a political argument. The debate could be on what is wrong with a certain politician, or how he can be reformed.Next, let 's look at what an argumentative essay is not about. You cannot write an argumentative essay about a protest, a political rally, or anything that is related to politics. All these topics belong to essay writing topics, and not argumentative essay topics.Argumentative essay topics usually do not focus on your own personal life, or about your private life. An argumentative essay is a review of existing facts. There is no need to tell a story about yourself. And you shouldn't try to prove anything about yourself.There are some good topics for argumentative essays about Georgia politics. One of them is the loss of the agricultural jobs due to international competition. Another is the economic crisis in Georgia that caused the people to go to the polls and vote for a new leader. This is another big controversy in Georgia that you should write about, and what better way than an argumentative essay topic about it.Finally, there is also the debate on the good government reforms by Georgia. The main argument that Georgia has many corrupt officials is a big debate in Georgia and one that you should definitely write about.For you to be able to write a persuasive essay, you need to study up about argumentative topics. Learn about political debate topics and write about them, and then you will be well on your way to writing a successful persuasive essay.

Cerebrum and Dementia Care Unit-2 - 1819 Words

Unit-1, Q1. Explain what is meant by the term `dementia Unit-1, Q2. Describe how dementia can affect a person if the following areas of the brain are damaged by dementia Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe: Temporal lobe: Occipital lobe: Cerebellum: Unit-1, Q3.Explain why the following may be mistaken for dementia a) depression b) delirium c) age related memory impairment Unit-1, Q4. Give an outline of the following models of dementia a) The medical model of dementia b) The social model of dementia Unit-1, Q5. Explain why it is important to see dementia as a disability Unit-1, Q6. List the four most common causes of dementia Unit-1, Q7. Describe the signs and symptoms associated with the four most common causes of dementia Unit-1, Q8. Outline†¦show more content†¦Unit-4, Q3. Explain how negative beliefs, values and misunderstandings can affect a persons attitude towards people with dementia. Unit-4, Q4. Explain how positive beliefs and values can affect a persons attitude towards a people with dementia. Unit-4, Q5. Describe the steps you can take to ensure a person with dementia feels valued , included and able to engage in daily life. Unit-4, Q6. Describe the practices that could make a person with dementia feel excluded. Unit-4, Q7. Explain why it is important to include individuals with dementia in all aspects of their care. Unit-4, Q8. Describe how an older persons experience of dementia may be different to a younger person who develops dementia. Unit-4, Q9. Mr Singh is a 75 year old gentleman who moved to England from India when he was in his 30s. Mr Singh is a practicing Sikh. He does speak English but because of his dementia he has reverted to only speaking in Punjabi. Describe the steps you could take to gain knowledge and understanding of Mr Singhs needs and preferences. Unit-4, Q10. Sophie is a 39 year old lady who has Downs syndrome. She has also developed dementia which is progressing quite quickly. Sophie has been admitted to a care facility which specialises in supporting people who have learning disabilities and also have dementia. Describe the knowledge and understanding that the staff would need in order to work in a person-centred way with Sophie. Unit-5, Q1.List four different groupsShow MoreRelatedDementia Essay3997 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 SADIE LEWIS Outcome 1 1.1 Dementia is the progressive decline in the cognitive function, involving all aspects of perception, thinking, reasoning and remembering. This is largely to do with damage or disease. This is progressive and leads to the deterioration of the mind, affecting an individual’s ability to concentrate on daily tasks. The memory is often affected, causing them to forget people, dates and events that are recent to them, behaviour can be erraticRead MoreHealth and Social Care2195 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 13 –Dementia Awareness 1) 1.1. Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ Dementia is a set of symptoms that affect the way people think and interact with each other. It is not a disease, but can often be linked to a disease or damage done to the brain. Short-time memory, mind, speech and motor skills are affected. Certain forms of dementia cause a change in the personality of the individual. A person suffering from dementia will lose certain skills and knowledge they already had. ThisRead MoreUnit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Essay4308 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 – Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by numerous certain diseases. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. How fast dementia progresses will depend on the individual person and what type of dementia they have. Each personRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 PagesPsychologists study animal behavior. ____X_ Psychologists study emotions and mental processes. _____ Psychology and common sense lead to the same conclusions about behavior and mental processes. _____ Psychology is not a science. Objective I.2 Define the scientific method, and explain how it is used in psychology? Psychologists use the scientific method to evaluate competing ideas; find relationship of variables by collecting data |Margin Learning Question(s) (if applicable) Read MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagessystems of the body and the major components of each system. 1. Integumentary system: * Cutaneous membrane (layers of skin) * Hair follicles * Hair * Sebaceous glands * Sweat glands * Nails * Sensory Receptors 2. Skeletal System: * Bones (s06), Cartilages, ligaments * Axial skeleton – skull, vertebrae, sacrum, rib s, sternum * Appendicular skeleton – limbs and supporting bones * Bone Marrow 3. Muscular System: * skeletal muscles

The True Value Of Corporate Governance Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1425 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The topic of corporate governance is vital to every listed corporation because the related principles guide the business practice and provide higher values with higher profitability for the corporation, (Aksu and Kosedag 2005). It is about rules and regulations and also a matter of ethics, therefore failure to comply with corporate governance issue has an unfavorable impact on the capital market and their investors, (International Federation of Accountants 2008). The lack of effective corporate governance results in huge amount of financial losses of corporations, like the Hong Kong listed company: CITIC Pacific Limiteds incident in 2008. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The True Value Of Corporate Governance Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order This signals corporations that good corporate governance practice is fundamental to corporations success. This study is to find out the relationship between corporate governance practice and financial performance of corporations. More importantly, the Code of Corporate Governance Practice has become effective from 1 January 2005 onwards and listed corporations in Hong Kong must comply with the mandatory provisions. Corporations are also encouraged to comply with the voluntarily guidelines for best practices. Judges Report of the HKMA Best Annual Report Award 1994 pointed out that prior research shows that corporations only comply with minimum disclosure requirements of corporate governance standards. This study is going to assess the level of compliance of corporations with both mandatory provisions and voluntarily practices. It is commonly agreed that corporations in industry other than retail, especially the banking, public utility service, and property development industry, have better performance in corporate governance since 1990s when the corporate governance standards have evolved significantly. For example, Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited obtained the Corporate Governance Asia Recognition Award in 2009 from the Corporate Governance Asia Magazine; CLP Power Hong Kong Limited won the top award from the Hong Kong Institutes of Professional Certified Accountants (HKICPA) for the seventh successive year; and HSBC Holdings plc won the Best Corporate Governance Disclosure Award 2009 from HKICPA too. But for the retail industry, there is less prior research for investigating the corporate governance disclosure of these companies. Therefore this study is going to investigate the practice in the retail industry. 1.2 Research Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Research Aims The research aim is to examine how corporate governance practice is disclosed in the retail industry and how it contributes to the corporations by looking at its impact on firms performance in operating, financial and stock market aspects. 1.2.2 Research Objectives To critically examine the importance of corporate governance to corporations and identify the contributions of corporate governance framework. To evaluate the disclosure behavior of listed firms in retail industry of Hong Kong. To compare corporate governance practice of the listed firms in retail industry of Hong Kong. To investigate whether or not companies with good governance would have better performance in operating, financial and stock market aspects by conducting ratio analysis. 1.3 Research Outline The remainder of the research is set as follows. Chapter 2 reviews prior research and literature about theoretical framework, importance and contribution of corporate governance, development of governance disclosure, measurement of corporate governance, and hypotheses development. Chapter 3 describes the methodologies of the research. Chapter 4 shows the empirical findings: (1) corporations ranking for governance disclosure, and (2) relationship between corporate governance and performance. Chapter 5 concludes the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Definition There is no single definition for corporate governance as it varies from countries by countries and firms by firms (Craig et al. 2007) and depends on how one view this (Salehi 2008). Salehi summarized the studies of prior researchers and grouped corporate governance into four views: accountability, integrity, efficiency and transparency. For the purpose of measuring corporate governance, Standard Poors defined corporate governance as the reciprocal actions and influence of agents (managers and directors) and principal (shareholders) to manage the corporation in which the actions enable stakeholders to obtain certain returns from that corporation (Standard Poors Governance Service 2004). It is similarly defined by the Hong Kong Institutes of Certified Professional Accountants (HKICPA) and Organization for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD) as coordination processes between manager, board members, shareholders and stakeholders, and the organizational structures which drive the direction, operation and the monitoring the corporation for achieving the organizational objectives. (Abdullah and Valentine 2009) provided a boarder definition for corporate governance as processes of managerial decisions making and a set of rules of management for both economic and non-economic activities carried out by the corporation. 2.2 Theoretical framework There had been widely discussed the issue of separation of ownership and control of corporation in prior research (Boubakri et al. 2008). Two major theories were used to explain the issue where the agency theory on one hand presented a divergence of interests of agent and principal, and stewardship theory on the other hand demonstrated alignment of those interests (Davis et al 1997). (Mallin 2007) suggested several theories would influence the development of corporate governance, namely agency theory, stakeholder theory and stewardship theory. 2.2.1 Agency Theory (Jensen and Meckling 1976) famously describes the relationship between shareholders and managers as pure agency relationship where the shareholders (principal) who owned and acquired ownership of the corporation and maximized their returns with the assist of agents who serve the shareholders interests and control the corporation. (Davis et al. 1997) quoted the idea of (Walsh and Seward 1990) that organization would lose competitive advantages and would be unable to continue if managers act adversely with the shareholders aspiration. The author further explained that agency problem occurred when there is a lack of attention to maximizing shareholder returns, i.e. self-interested opportunism, where the principal is affected by the self-interest of their agents. Prior research have suggested two control mechanisms, the alternative executive compensation schemes and governance structures, can be used to solve the agency problem, to ensure shareholders wealth maximization and to g uide the agents behavior (Demsetz and Lehn 1985; Jensen and Meckling 1976; and Davis et al. 1997). It is proved that agency costs have affected the means and mechanisms of corporation governance (Hutchinson and Gul 2003) and agency costs incurred for providing incentives and compensations for managers and monitoring their conducts can prohibit individualism of managers (Roberts 2005). Researchers had suggested that there are limitations associated with agency theory (Doucouliagos 1994 and Davis et al. 1997) as this assumed divergence of interests resulted from individualism of managers which in reality may not be appropriate to be applied to all agents. Moreover, as stated by (Jensen and Meckling 1976), controls of agency only provide potential profits that pleasing shareholders instead of making certain the shareholders wealth are maximized. (Roberts 2005) provided other opposes to this assumption, for example, (Donaldson and Dais 1991) who applies Mc Gregors Theory Y to agen ts. 2.2.2 Stewardship Theory (Davis et al. 1997) quoted the definition of stewardship theory introduced by (Donalson and Davis 1989, 1991) as a means of defining relationships based upon other behavior premises which is opposed to the agency theory. (Mallin 2007) explain that stewardship theory draws on the assumptions underlying agency theory. With regard to the stewardship theory, organizational structure is supposed to facilitate effective action by the managers and directors and to help them to formulate and implement plans for better corporate performance. However the theory has never been empirically to directly explain agents compensation or been used as an underlying theory (Hengarrtner 2006). 2.2.3 Stakeholder Theory The stakeholder theory applies to a wider context that to give thought to a group of people such as employees, customers, government, creditors and general public, other than just the shareholders (Mallin 2007). The author also stated that corporations strive to maximize shareholders value together with the aim to care about the interests of stakeholders. (Jensen 2001) stated there are theorists oppose to stakeholder theory because it aims to address the interests of all stakeholders which may not be logically possible and theorists provided no explanations of how to trade-off against those interests. The tradition view of stakeholder theory is therefore modified by the author who enlightened value maximization to solve problems that arise from multiple objectives that accompany traditional stakeholder theory. 2.3 Models There are four major types of corporate governance practice models adopted by corporations worldwide (Bhasa 2004). 2.3.1 Market-centric governance model 2.3.2 Relationship-based governance model 2.3.3 Transition governance model 2.3.4 Emerging governance model 2.4 Importance and Contributions Corporate governance is important because it contributes to the well-governed corporation: increase in firms value and higher profitability (Brown and Caylor 2005) and lower cost of investment of shareholders (Ashbaugh et al. 2004). Corporate governance can enhance accountability for stakeholders and ensure the corporation meets the needs of the general public (Peter and Nelson 2006). The mechanism can also minimize agency cost and avoid reduction of firms market value resulted from managers opportunism (Øyvind et al. 2004). Prior researcher had designed methodology and carried out empirical analysis in 30 countries for investigating the contribution of corporate governance, and it is found that better governance report enhance productivity of factors and economic growth (Sadka 2004).

Analysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men Socratic...

Of Mice and Men Socratic Seminar Responses to Questions 1. Steinbeck has his characters use racially derogatory terms. Why do you think he uses this language? Given the context of the story, are these terms necessary? Is there any evidence to suggest that Steinbeck shares his characters’ bigoted views of minorities? I think Steinbeck has his characters use racially derogatory terms to show that prejudice based on race was still a prevalent issue, even though slavery and racial discrimination had not been legal for some time. Derogatory terms are directed at Crooks frequently due to his race, â€Å"‘Ever’body out doin’ som’pin’. Ever’body! An’ what am I doin’? Standin’ here talkin’ to a bunch of bindle stiffs - a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep (Steinbeck 78)’†. The word â€Å"nigger† is used to emphasize how bad racial prejudices were. Even in present day, it is a relevant matter that this book brings to attention. Cau sing us, as readers to realize that the issue of mistreatment due to race is an issue that has not disappeared over time. Steinbeck himself did not have a problem with the color of one’s skin. However, he did have an issue with class. This is shown by the characters in Of Mice and Men viewing wealthy people as brutal and harsh. 2. Research John Steinbeck. What elements of Steinbeck’s life are apparent in the novel? Steinbeck was born in Salinas, the setting for a large portion of his novel Of Mice and Men. When he was a teenager, he spent the majority of

Significance of the Study Sample free essay sample

The user enters a five-digit PIN using the keypad. If the user enters a valid account number and the correct PIN for that account, the screen displays the main menu. If the user enters an invalid account number or an incorrect PIN, the screen displays an appropriate message, then the ATM returns to Step 1 to restart the authentication process. After the ATM authenticates the user, the main menu contains numbered options for the three types of transactions: balance inquiry (option 1), withdrawal (option 2) and deposit (option 3). It also should contain an option to allow the user to exit the system (option 4). The user then chooses either to perform a transaction (by entering 1, 2 or 3) or to exit the system (by entering 4). If the user enters 1 to make a balance inquiry, the screen displays the user’s account balance. To do so, the ATM must retrieve the balance from the bank’s database. The following steps describe what occurs when the user enters 2 to make a withdrawal: The screen displays a menu of standard withdrawal amounts and an option to cancel the transaction. The user enters a menu selection using the keypad. If the withdrawal amount is greater than the user’s account balance, the screen displays a message stating this and telling the user to choose a smaller amount. The ATM then returns to Step 1. If the withdrawal amount chosen is less than or equal to the user’s account balance (i. e. , an acceptable amount), the ATM proceeds to Step 4. If the user chooses to cancel, the ATM displays the main menu and waits for user input. If the cash dispenser contains enough cash, the ATM proceeds to Step 5. Otherwise, the screen displays a message indicating the problem and telling the user to choose a smaller withdrawal amount. The ATM then returns to Step 1. The ATM debits the withdrawal amount from the user’s account in the bank’s database. The cash dispenser dispenses the desired amount of money to the user. The screen displays a message reminding the user to take the money. The following steps describe the actions that occur when the user enters 3 to make a deposit: The screen prompts the user to enter a deposit amount or type 0 (zero) to cancel. The user enters a deposit amount or 0 using the keypad. If the user specifies a deposit amount, the ATM proceeds to Step 4. If the user chooses to cancel the transaction (by entering 0), the ATM displays the main menu and waits for user input. The screen displays a message telling the user to insert a deposit envelope. If the deposit slot receives a deposit envelope within two minutes, the ATM credits the deposit amount to the user’s account in the bank’s database (i. e. , adds the deposit amount to the user’s account balance). After the system successfully executes a transaction, it should return to the main menu so that the user can perform additional transactions. If the user exits the system, the screen should display a thank you message, then display the welcome message for the next user. Analyzing the ATM System The preceding statement is a simplified example of a requirements document Typically the result of a detailed process of requirements gathering A systems analyst might interview banking experts to gain a better understanding of what the software must do would use the information gained to compile a list of system requirements to guide systems designers as they design the system. The software life cycle specifies the stages through which software goes from the time it’s first conceived to the time it’s retired from use. These stages typically include: analysis, design, implementation, testing and debugging, deployment, maintenance and retirement. Several software life-cycle models exist Waterfall models perform each stage once in succession Iterative models may repeat one or more stages several times throughout a product’s life cycle The analysis stage focuses on defining the problem to be solved. When designing any system, one must solve the problem right, but of equal importance, one must solve the right problem. Our requirements document describes the requirements of our ATM system in sufficient detail that you need not go through an extensive analysis stage—it’s been done for you. Use case modeling identifies the use cases of the system, each representing a different capability that the system provides to its clients. â€Å"View Account Balance† â€Å"Withdraw Cash† â€Å"Deposit Funds† Each use case describes a typical scenario for which the user uses the system. A use case diagram models the interactions between a system’s clients and its use cases. Shows the kinds of interactions users have with a system without providing the details Often accompanied by informal text that gives more detail—like the text that appears in the requirements document. Produced during the analysis stage of the software life cycle. Stick figure represents an actor, which defines the roles that an external entity—such as a person or another system—plays when interacting with the system. During the analysis stage, systems designers focus on understanding the requirements document to produce a high-level specification that describes what the system is supposed to do. The output of the design stage—a design specification specifies clearly how the system should be constructed to satisfy these requirements. In the next several sections, we perform the steps of a simple object-oriented design (OOD) process on the ATM system to produce a design specification containing a collection of UML diagrams and supporting text. We present our own simplified design process A system is a set of components that interact to solve a problem. System structure describes the system’s objects and their interrelationships. System behavior describes how the system changes as its objects interact with one another. Every system has both structure and behavior— designers must specify both. The UML 2 standard specifies 13 diagram types for documenting the system models. Each models a distinct characteristic of a system’s structure or behavior—six diagrams relate to system structure, the remaining seven to system behavior. We are interested in two of the six diagram types: Use case diagrams model the interactions between a system and its external entities (actors) in terms of use cases. Class diagrams model the classes, or â€Å"building blocks,† used in a system. Identify the classes that are needed to build the system by analyzing the nouns and noun phrases that appear in the requirements document. We introduce UML class diagrams to model these classes. Important first step in defining the system’s structure. Review the requirements document and identify key nouns and noun phrases to help us identify classes that comprise the ATM system. We may decide that some of these nouns and noun phrases are actually attributes of other classes in the system. We may also conclude that some of the nouns do not correspond to parts of the system and thus should not be modeled at all. Additional classes may become apparent to us as we proceed through the design process. We create classes only for the nouns and noun phrases that have significance in the ATM system. Though the requirements document frequently describes a â€Å"transaction† in a general sense, we do not model the broad notion of a financial transaction at this time. Instead, we model the three types of transactions (i. e. , â€Å"balance inquiry,† â€Å"withdrawal† and â€Å"deposit†) as individual classes. These classes possess specific attributes needed for executing the transactions they represent. Classes: ATM screen keypad cash dispenser deposit slot account bank database balance inquiry withdrawal deposit The UML enables us to model, via class diagrams, the classes in the ATM system and their interrelationships. Each class is modeled as a rectangle with three compartments. The top one contains the name of the class centered horizontally in boldface. The middle compartment contains the class’s attributes. The bottom compartment contains the class’s operations. The UML allows the suppression of class attributes and operations in this manner to create more readable diagrams, when appropriate. Class diagrams also show the relationships between the classes of the system. The solid line that connects the two classes represents an association between classes. The numbers near each end of the line are multiplicity values, which indicate how many objects of each class participate in the association. An association can be named. The word Executes above the line connecting classes ATM and Withdrawal in Fig. 12. 7 indicates the name of that association. This part of the diagram reads â€Å"one object of class ATM executes zero or one objects of class Withdrawal. † Association names are directional, as indicated by the filled arrowhead. The word currentTransaction at the Withdrawal end of the association line is a role name, identifying the role the Withdrawal object plays in its relationship with the ATM. A role name adds meaning to an association between classes by identifying the role a class plays in the context of an association. A class can play several roles in the same system. Role names in class diagrams are often omitted when the meaning of an association is clear without them. Solid diamonds attached to the ATM class’s association lines indicate that ATM has a composition relationship with classes Screen, Keypad, CashDispenser and DepositSlot. Composition implies a whole/part relationship. The class that has the composition symbol (the solid diamond) on its end of the association line is the whole (in this case, ATM), and the classes on the other end of the association lines are the parts. Composition relationships have the following properties: Only one class in the relationship can represent the whole The parts in the composition relationship exist only as long as the whole does, and the whole is responsible for the creation and destruction of its parts. A part may belong to only one whole at a time, although it may be removed and attached to another whole, which then assumes responsibility for the part. If a has-a relationship does not satisfy one or more of these criteria, the UML specifies that hollow diamonds be attached to the ends of association lines to indicate aggregation—a weaker form of composition. Class ATM has a one-to-one relationship with class BankDatabase—one ATM object authenticates users against one BankDatabase object. The bank’s database contains information about many accounts—one BankDatabase object participates in a composition relationship with zero or more Account objects. The multiplicity value 0.. * at the Account end of the association between class BankDatabase and class Account indicates that zero or more objects of class Account take part in the association. Class BankDatabase has a one-to-many relationship with class Account—the BankDatabase contains many Accounts. Class Account has a many-to-one relationship with class BankDatabase—there can be many Accounts stored in the BankDatabase. At any given time 0 or 1 Withdrawal objects can exist. If the user is performing a withdrawal, â€Å"one object of class Withdrawal accesses/modifies an account balance through one object of class BankDatabase. † All other parts of the system must interact with the database to retrieve or update account information. Classes have attributes (data) and operations (behaviors). Class attributes are implemented in Java programs as fields, and class operations are implemented as methods. In this section, we determine many of the attributes needed in the ATM system. Look for descriptive words and phrases in the requirements document. For each such word and phrase we find that plays a significant role in the ATM system, we create an attribute and assign it to one or more of the classes identified earlier. We also create attributes to represent any additional data that a class may need, as such needs become clear. Next the list the words or phrases from the requirements document that describe each class. For real problems in industry, there is no guarantee that requirements documents will be precise enough for the object-oriented systems designer to determine all the attributes or even all the classes. The need for additional classes, attributes and behaviors may become clear as the design process proceeds. Attributes represent an object’s state. We identify some key states that our objects may occupy and discuss how objects change state in response to various events occurring in the system. We also discuss the workflow, or activities, that objects perform in the ATM system, and we present the activities of BalanceInquiry and Withdrawal transaction objects. An operation is a service that objects of a class provide to clients (users) of the class.